INS and Insulin resistance: The development of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of serious cardiovascular conditions such as coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.[22] Recent studies have shown that insulin resistance is implicated in the formation and remodeling of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques, independent of traditional risk factors such as age, smoking, and hypertension.[23] Thus, insulin resistance assessment is vital for cardiovascular disease management.