There are those who argue that while Lp(a) is associated with diseases where atherosclerosis is the underlying mechanism, AF is not associated with Lp(a) and that there is no meaningful linear relationship between high levels of Lp(a) and AF [109, 110], and no association was found between Lp(a) levels and the incidence of AF in a large cohort of long-term follow-up [111]. Here, LPA is linked to atherosclerosis.