LPA and atrial fibrillation: It is clear that the relationship between Lp(a) and AF cannot be definitively concluded at this time, and more and better evidence must be obtained to fully understand and assess the association between Lp(a) and AF and the underlying mechanisms of action, including whether the effect of Lp(a) on AF is independent of the effects of ASCVD, gender and ethnicity, the mechanisms of atherosclerosis and inflammation, and whether Lp(a) affects myocardial tissues other than aortic valves and coronary arteries.