PKM and renal fibrosis: Moreover, during renal fibrosis, several signaling pathways and glycolysis-related enzymes, such as the TGF-β, HIF-1α, and PI3K/Akt pathways [37, 38], hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), and PKM2, are activated [39–41].