Furthermore, it has been shown that the activation of AHR by various endogenous ligands inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in conditions such as periodontitis, bronchitis, and colitis (Cui et al., 2022; Li et al., 2019; Ovrevik et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2018). Here, AHR is linked to bronchitis.