TP53 and cancer: After endocytosis by tumor cells, the inter-bound HK molecules were hydrolyzed in an acidic environment and released, generating sustained HK levels in tumor cells, which play a role in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis by activating BMP7 and up-regulating TGF-β1 expression, activating p53 expression through the non-classical TGF-β1 signaling pathway.