The rapid proliferation of tumor cells results in a hypoxic environment as well as mutations in certain oncogenes and oncostatin genes, such as HIF-1α and c-Myc, which enhance pyruvate production by accelerating the two rate-limiting steps in glycolysis involving hexokinase 2 (HK2) and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. Here, HK2 is linked to neoplasm.