VEGFA and neoplasm: However, M2 macrophages are preferentially located in the hypoxic zone of the tumor, which has a strong inflammatory profile (Serna et al., 2023; Cai et al., 2012), and they perform immunosuppression and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis through the expression of HIF-1α, which induces the transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), etc (Brigati et al., 2002; Marinaccio et al., 2014).