Eight DE-PRGs (CASP3, CASP4, CASP8, CASP9, GSDMD, PLCG1, TIRAP, TNF) were high expression and two DE-PRGs (IL1B and PJVK) were low expression in NAFLD (Fig. 2D, Supplementary Table S5), and the heatmap of these 10 DE-PRGs was shown in Fig. 2E. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.