HLA-E–Mtb and CMV CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies were similar in Mtb–SIV-co-infected and Mtb-only-infected CMs, both in the absence of BCG vaccination, suggesting no effect of SIV co-infection (Figure 5B), and after Mtb challenge before SIV infection (Figure 5C), similar to the findings in RMs (Figure 2). Here, HLA-E is linked to coinfection.