In human cells, increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin-12, which contribute to HIV-induced immune activation, can be triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 8 sensing of HIV-1 infection [90]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and HIV-1 infection.