In addition to anti-HTLV-1 antibodies, the CSF inflammatory markers CXCL10 and neopterin were effective in distinguishing patients with HAM from HTLV-1 carriers (Figure 4; AUCs of 0.927 and 0.942, respectively), which is consistent with previous findings [23]. Here, CXCL10 is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.