GCG and Hepatic steatosis: Chlorogenic acid (CGA) lowers E. coli levels by increasing bifidobacteria in feces; it also elevates the expression of tight junction proteins Occludin and ZO-1 in intestinal tissues, strengthens the intestinal mucosal barrier, decreases lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, and boosts glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thereby ameliorating hepatic steatosis and inflammatory responses [49].