KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy: As PSA levels are elevated in both BPH and PCa, non-invasive urinary biomarkers were searched to distinguish between these benign and malignant prostate diseases; the presence of EGF, HE-4, and COL1A1 was analyzed and validated by ELISA, revealing that COL1A1 was significantly elevated in the urine of patients diagnosed with early or localized PCa versus BPH [260].