ACE and hypertensive disorder: Compared to patients with mild CKD, those with advanced CKD were older (60.6 ± 12.2 to 69.8 ± 8.9 vs. 58.9 ± 11.1 years); received more concurrent medications, especially those for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and antiplatelets; and had a higher prevalence of comorbid cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension, with a higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score (2.4 ± 1.5 to 3.7 ± 1.5 vs. 2.2 ± 1.4).