Upon TNFα challenge, extracellular glutamate levels rose to concentrations typically used for the induction of excitotoxicity in neuronal cultures [101,102,103], consistent with the role of TNFα in inducing glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity [104,105] and the disturbed E/I balance observed in several brain diseases and neuroinflammation [106,107,108]. Here, TNF is linked to brain disorder.