Our ultimate goals are for PLR to improve the nose-to-plasma delivery of insulin to manage blood glucose levels [13,14], the nose-to-brain delivery of insulin for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury and cerebral ischemia [16], and/or the nose-to-brain delivery of oxytocin for the treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders and schizophrenia [12]. Here, INS is linked to brain ischemia.