TNF and sarcopenia: It has been proven that increased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines induced by the tumor, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8, tumor necrosing factor alpha (TNF-α), tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β), and C-reactive protein (CRP), are strongly related to PDAC-induced cachexia and sarcopenia [14,15].