While aging, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, HIV, elevated estrogen concentrations, and antiepileptic drugs are associated with increased SHBG, obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, excess growth hormone, exogenous androgens/anabolics, glucocorticoids, progestogens, and nephrotic syndrome are associated with decreased SHBG. This evidence concerns the gene SHBG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.