Mace and colleagues demonstrated that pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), a subset of CAFs found within the TME of pancreatic cancer, secrete high levels of CSF-1 in addition to other soluble factors such as IL-6 and VEGF, which promote the differentiation and chemotaxis of MDSCs, known to suppress anti-tumor immune responses [128]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.