A study conducted to assess the prognostic significance of CSF-1 and CSF-1R expression in the tumor epithelial and stromal compartments of primary breast cancer and metastatic lesions in axillary lymph nodes, along with CD68+ TAMs and CD3+ T cells, revealed high expressions of these markers and high TAM and CD3+ T cell density in metastatic breast cancer compared with primary tumors, indicating a potential relationship with tumor aggressiveness [63]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and neoplasm.