Moreover, in a study using 3D lung cancer cell culture models, Pass et al. showed that the suppression of CSF-1R kinase activity leads to decreased clonogenicity and 3D growth in several lung cancer cell lines, with the decreased expression of stemness and EMT markers (CD44, OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, VIMENTIN, and MMP-9), and the decreased expression of a chemoresistance gene (ABCG2) [155]. The gene discussed is VIM; the disease is lung cancer.