In addition, IL-34-stimulated CAFs produced factors like netrin-1 and b-FGF, which are crucial for CRC cell growth and migration, highlighting that the CSF-1R, activated by IL-34, regulates pro-tumorigenic CAF action, contributing to CRC progression by enhancing tumor cell proliferation, migration, and the inflammatory environment within the tumor stroma [42]. Here, NTN1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.