HP and HIV infectious disease: Intriguingly, we observed that the number of zonulin-expressing cells (per 1.2 mm2) decreased in the TI upon HIV infection, a first-time observation (Figure 1), while in line with previous data [14,15,16], circulating zonulin levels increased in the PB of HIV+ individuals compared to CTRL, with the highest levels in HIV+NAIVE > HIV+cART = CTRL (Figure 2A,B).