IL6 and Ureteral obstruction: For example, ureteral obstruction caused a significant upregulation of the mRNA expression of TNF-α, PAI-1, IL-6, and IL-1β (2.22 ± 0.47 vs. 1.03 ± 0.11, 5.38 ± 0.87 vs. 1.02 ± 0.10, 10.35 ± 1.42 vs. 1.00 ± 0.21 and 1.55 ± 0.07 vs. 0.99 ± 0., respectively, p < 0.05 for all).