Low TPS results revealed significantly changed pathways involving tumour–non-cancerous cell interactions, such as PD-L1/PD-1 (CD274 on tumour cells and PDCD1 on T cells) and Galectin-9/TIM-3 (LGALS9 on tumour cells and HAVCR2 on immune cells). Here, LGALS9 is linked to neoplasm.