TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Endothelial adhesion molecules (Selectins, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-2 receptor, and TNF-α), and pro-inflammatory chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) are mediators in COVID-induced endothelial dysfunction [79].