CCN2 and Hepatic fibrosis: The presence of evidence of moderate fibrotic changes 3 months after electron irradiation is attributed to the inflammatory response in the early period of RILD, and possibly due to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which play a key role in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced liver fibrosis [44,45,46] through the production of TGF-β1 and the subsequent activation of TGF-β1/Smad/CTGF (Figure 12).