PTEN and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Specific mutations within this pathway include: (1) PIK3CA mutations, which are present in 5–10% of EGFR-mutant NSCLC cases and confer resistance to EGFR TKIs, (2) loss of PTEN, which also results in resistance to EGFR inhibitors, and (3) AKT1 mutations, although less frequent, are notable for their impact on treatment resistance [59].