INS and permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: The most common cause of transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) is the overexpression of genes involved in insulin regulation, often due to an imprinting defect of a specific region of chromosome 6 (6q24) [5], while permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is most commonly caused by mutations in genes that play a crucial role in the development and function of pancreatic beta cells.