CCL2 and COVID-19: Other researchers have shown that levels of the cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10, and MCP-1 are higher in COVID-19 patients than in healthy individuals, and levels of IP-10, MCP1, MIP1a, and TNF-α are higher in ICU patients than in non-ICU patients, suggesting that overproduction of these cytokines may be associated with disease severity [274].