PVAT induces endothelial dysfunction through the paracrine exchange of various factors via outside-to-inside signaling in aging, including angiotensin II, chemerin, leptin, visfatin, chemokine ligand 2/3/10, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, superoxide, interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [103]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is endothelial dysfunction.