IFNA1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Some authors have tried to explore the risk factors that define CLE and to characterize the relationship between the pathogenesis of CLE and that of SLE, i.e., the level of IFN gene expression correlated with cutaneous disease activity (representing a possible biomarker for CLE) [24] and the TNFα expression in the skin and sera of CLE patients [25].