SHH and neoplasm: Moreover, sonic hedgehog (Shh) and WNT/β-catenin signalling pathways are also crucial in maintaining the stemness of BCSCs, with curcumin decreasing the activity of BCSCs by inhibiting tumor sphere formation and decreasing BCSC biomarkers, such as CD44, ALDHA1, Nanog, OCT4, and SOX2, thus downregulating both the Shh and WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway activities, which results in BCSC inhibition [142].