MTOR and hyperinsulinism: Regarding the role of mTOR in insulin resistance, it has been proposed that hyperinsulinemia and chronic activation of Akt signaling result in selective activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway [112,113,114], inducing overactivation of mTOR, which promotes cell proliferation and, furthermore, vascular insulin resistance via S6K1 (p70S6 kinase) and growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10) through uncoupling of IR and PI3K signaling.