IL1B and cancer: These immunosuppressive cells and other varieties of cell types including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are a vital ingredient of the PDAC TME and can also release cytokines and chemokines to indirectly alter the PDAC TME, such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) [2,12,15,23,24,29,30,31].