TNF and infection: Furthermore, gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were also significantly upregulated 1 to 5 h after infection by K. pneumoniae [36], although SeMet reduced inflammation and protein expression of TLR4, Ikappa-B, NF-κB, and TNF-α in bMECs and macrophages infected with ESBL E. coli [17].