TXNIP and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In T2D and DKD, markers of ER stress (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) homologous protein, activating transcription factor 6, glucose-regulated protein 78, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, OS markers, thioredoxin-interacting protein, and cytochrome b-245 light chain) alongside crosstalk markers (ER oxidase-1α and protein disulphide isomerase) are gradually elevated.