CCL4 and diabetic kidney disease: Proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, cellular ligands, growth factors, leukocyte adhesion molecules [e.g., IL-6, IL-23, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β), granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E2] [31], NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ROS, and various receptors [45] also contribute to inflammation-related kidney injury in DKD.