PTEN and cancer: While MAPK/ERK cascade regulates processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and stress responses and plays a key role in PTC initiation through point mutations of BRAF and RAS and RET/PTC and TRK rearrangements [36,37,38], PI3K/AKT is an oncogenic pathway controlling multiple aspects of cancer onset and progression, including cell survival, glucose metabolism, metastasis, and angiogenesis and is possibly implicated in FTC development by activating mutations in RAS, PI3KCA, and AKT1 and inactivating PTEN [36,37,39].