TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: For instance, in rodent models of diabetic kidney disease, oxidative stress has been associated with increased levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) [21,22,23,24], while antioxidant systems are impaired [25,26,27].