NFE2L2 and Lassa fever: In HLF, a study found a reduced level of Nrf2 as compared to the LF tissues from disc herniation patients, and a mechanistic study found that an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, SMURF1, promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2 leading to fibrosis and oxidative stress in LF cells [124], suggesting the role of redox imbalance in the pathogenesis of HLF.