TNF and cyst: As summarized in Figure 9, STING regulates cyst growth through the following: (1) the activation of NF-κB but not TBK1 signaling in Pkd1 mutant cells; (2) the increase of the expression of cytokines, including TNF-α and MCP-1, mediated by NF-κB; (3) the recruitment of macrophages in interstitial and peri-cystic regions in Pkd1 mutant mouse kidneys; (4) the inhibition of Pkd1 mutant renal epithelial cell death via p53 signaling.