PRKN and Parkinson disease: Notably, several proteins whose mutations are associated with PD, e.g., PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PRKN), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), and glucosylceramidase beta 1 (GBA1), are highly expressed in astrocytes, suggesting the potential dysfunction of astrocytes in PD pathology.