TGFB1 and Parkinson disease: In comparison to the sham-treated mice, our findings revealed that rTMS at 10 Hz significantly enhanced the circulating proportion of Tregs and TH + neurons within the SN (Fig. 2C, D, Supplementary Fig. 1A, B), increased the anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10 and TGF-β1, deactivated microglia and decreased the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β1 in the ventral midbrain of PD mice (p < 0.0001, Fig. 2E-G).