CHEK2 and breast carcinoma: Key risk factors for breast cancer include advanced age, a personal or family history of breast diseases and cancer, inherited genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 (which significantly increase the risk of breast cancer), as well as genes like PTEN, ATM, TP53, CHEK2, STK11, and PALB2 (which carry a lower risk), exposure to radiation, and obesity [35, 36].