APOB and atherosclerosis: At the same time, 1-OHPyr demonstrated a positive relationship with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and 2-OHBcPhe was positively associated with Apo B. Elevated plasma levels of Apo A1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are recognized as important protective factors against atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease [15,16].