Gene expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were not determined to be different between healthy and MetS models at baseline (unexposed mice receiving PBS treatment) (Figure 4). Here, TNF is linked to metabolic syndrome.