Our results differ from those obtained in adults, both in malaria-naïve USA volunteers experimentally infected with P. falciparum and in naturally infected Cameroonian individuals with clinically apparent falciparum malaria, where GeneChip analysis (Affymetrix U133A) of PBMCs showed up-regulation of genes for HSP60, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA4, HSPA5, HSPA9B, TLR2, TLR4, CD14, MYD88, IRAK1, IKKα, NF-κB1, IL-1β, and ICAM1 [87]. Here, IRAK1 is linked to malaria.