TNF and anemia: For example, we have shown that children with SMA in the holoendemic P. falciparum transmission region in western Kenya, where the current investigations were performed, have imbalances in circulating cytokines and chemokines that are associated with inefficient erythropoiesis and severe anemia (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-21, IL-23, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES (CCL5), TGF-β1, and TNF-α) [5,79,80,81,82].