Recent meta-analyses suggest that, in combination with chemotherapy, anti-PD-1 therapies are superior in efficacy and safety to anti-PD-L1 therapies [17], echoing earlier findings in non-resectable NSCLC that demonstrated a 32% reduction in the risk of death with anti-PD-1 therapies compared to anti-PD-L1 therapies [18,19]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.