Furthermore, it was reported that the E. coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) toxin has the ability to induce EMT in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) by upregulating the ZEB1, Snail1, and Vimentin, while showing de-localization of E-cadherin and β-catenin, activation of mTOR, enhanced rates of wound healing, and invasion [26]. Here, VIM is linked to colon adenocarcinoma.