IL1B and rheumatoid arthritis: found that SMAD2 overexpression inhibited RA-FLS pyroptosis via the TGF-β pathway, and reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, IL-8, and LDH release, which in turn attenuated joint erythema, cartilage, and bone destruction in CIA rats (294).