Studies show that DAP12-based CARs offer superior antitumour activity and safety than CD3ζ-based CARs, with improved antigen-specific cytotoxicity, TIL proliferation, reduced toxicity, and lower production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (196, 197), highlighting the potential of DAP12 in mitigating the risk of CRS. Here, TYROBP is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.