TNF and pancreatitis: Similarly, Mei et al. (2021) discovered that the mitigation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL2 and MCP1) and endotoxin in the ileum, along with activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, could effectively restore ileum injury and barrier dysfunction associated with severe pancreatitis.