These studies comprised the following inflammatory-related markers: proteins in 5 studies45–49; ACE in 5 studies31,48–51; kidney and liver function markers in 1 study52; cytokines in 1 study53; metabolic syndrome–related markers including adiposity, blood pressure, and glycemic traits in 1 study31; and other cardiovascular risk factor–related markers including lipoproteins in 2 studies.54 This evidence concerns the gene ACE and metabolic syndrome.