TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In this study, however, the plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF, which can induce the activation of neutrophils, were not associated with the development of clinically pulmonary oedema in severe malaria, suggesting that severe malaria might have a specific pathophysiology for the development of pulmonary oedema different from the estimated mechanisms in ARDS from other causes, such as a re-perfusion damage after the release of sequestration.