TNF and pulmonary edema: The hypotheses were that the proinflammatory biomarkers interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and the lung injury biomarkers soluble Receptor of Advanced Glycation End-products (sRAGE), surfactant protein-D (SP-D), club cell secretory protein (CC16), and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) have predictive capacity for the development of pulmonary oedema in patients with severe malaria.